Programme

Tuesday 24th June 2025

08.15 Onwards
Registration

09.10-09.15
Welcome & Opening Remarks
Ann-Mari Svennerholm and Jan Holmgren
(University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden)

SESSION 1:
INTRODUCTORY PLENARY SESSION

Moderator: Duncan Steele
(Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA)

09.15-09.40
‘Immune mechanisms in enteric infections: An introductory overview’
Jan Holmgren
(University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden)

09.40-10.05
‘Cholera, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Shigella vaccine introduction in Bangladesh, struggles and successes’
Firdausi Qadri
(icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh)

10.05-10.30
‘Challenges in rigorous clinical evaluation of newer enteric vaccines: The case of newer generation oral cholera vaccines’
John Clemens
(IVI, Seoul, South Korea/UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA)

10.30-11.00
Coffee Break & Posters Set-Up

SESSION 2:
VIRAL VACCINES

Moderator: Duncan Steele
(Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA)

11.00-11.20
‘icddr,b vaccine research towards Polio endgame’
K. Zaman
(icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh)

11.20-11.40
‘Safety and efficacy of a trivalent p2-vp8 parenteral rotavirus vaccine candidate in healthy infants residing in Ghana, Malawi and Zambia’
Tushar Tewari¹, George Armah², Nigel A. Cunliffe³, Caroline. C. Chisenga⁴, Roma Chilengi⁴, Desiree Witte^3,5, Vida Kukula⁶, Khuzwayo C. Jere^3,5, Michelo Simuyandi⁴, Susan Damanka², Edson Mwinjiwa⁵, Katayi Kazimbaya⁴, Frank Atuguba⁶, John Williams⁶, Joanne Csedrik⁷, Chris Gast⁷ and Stan Cryz⁷
(¹ PATH, India, ² Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Ghana; ³ University of Liverpool, United Kingdom; ⁴ Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Zambia; ⁵ Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome (MLW) Clinical Research Programme, Malawi; ⁶ Dodowa Health Research Centre, Ghana; ⁷ PATH, USA)

11.40-12.00
‘Characterization of humoral and cellular immunity induced by mRNA vaccines expressing norovirus VP1 proteins in mice and nonhuman primates’
Jiajie Wei¹, Karin Bystol¹, Leah Alabanza³, Shuhui Lim², Jamie Greig², Pooja Gopal², Jennifer D. Galli¹, Christopher Warren¹, Andrew Swartz⁴, Courtney David⁵, Uijin Jeong², Estibaliz Gonzalez-Fernandez², Lizzy DeWitt², Scott Radcliffe², Corey D. May Fulton², Pamela Shen², Arthur Fridman⁶, John Gaspar⁶, Amanda Pirrone¹, Gregory O’Donnell², Lauren Austin⁵, David McKenney², Paula Krosky², Yaping Liu³, Andy Bett¹ and Lan Zhang¹
(¹ Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA; ² Department of Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA; ³ Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, Metabolism, and Bioanalytics, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA; ⁴ Department of Process Development, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA; ⁵ Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA; ⁶ Department of Data Science, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA)

12.00-12.20
‘A broadly protective human antibody for GI genogroup noroviruses’
Inga Rimkute¹, Adam S. Olia¹, Mehin Suleiman¹, Kamron D. Woods¹, Tatsiana Bylund¹, Nicholas C. Morano^2,3, Ena S. Tully¹, Raffaello Verardi¹, Saran Bao¹, Margaret H. Beddall¹, Natthawan Chaimongkol⁴, Mitzi M. Donaldson¹, Renguang Du¹, Caitlyn N.M. Dulan¹, Jason Gorman¹, Amy R. Henry¹, Chaim A. Schramm¹, Stanislav V. Sosnovtsev⁴, Tyler Stephens⁵, John-Paul Todd¹, Yaroslav Tsybovsky⁵, Daniel C. Douek¹, Kim Y. Green⁵, Reda Rawi¹, Lawrence Shapiro^2,3, Tongqing Zhou¹, Peter D. Kwong^1,3 and Mario Roederer¹
(¹ Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA; ² Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, USA; ³ Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, USA; ⁴ Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA; ⁵ Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA)

12.20-13.20
Lunch Break & Posters

SESSION 3:
ETEC VACCINES (I)

Moderator: Ann-Mari Svennerholm
(University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden)

13.20-13.40
‘ETVAX® vaccine against travellers’ diarrhoea among Finnish travellers to West Africa (OEV-123 trial)‘
A. Kantele^1,2,3, T.S. Jokiranta⁴, M. Riekkinen¹, J. Holmgren⁵, A. Lissmats⁶,B. Sjöstrand⁶, N. Carlin⁶, A.M. Svennerholm⁵ and the OEV123 study group
(¹ Meilahti Vaccine Research Center, MeVac, University of Helsinki and HUS, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Biomedicum 1, Helsinki, Finland; ² Human Microbiome Research Unit, University of Helsinki, Finland; ³ Travel Clinic, Aava Medical Center, Helsinki, Finland; ⁴ Medicum, University of Helsinki, Finland; ⁵ Gothenburg University Vaccine Research Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; ⁶ Scandinavian Biopharma, Stockholm, Sweden)

13.40-14.00
‘Safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity of ETVAX, an oral multivalent whole-cell vaccine against moderate-to-severe Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) diarrhea in Gambian children’
M. Jahangir Hossain¹, Fatou Secka¹, Lady C. Sanyang¹, Raifu Taiwo¹, Emmanuel C. Okoh¹, Olubunmi A. Olubiyi¹, Mbemba Drammeh¹, Emmanuel U. Richard¹, Dahiru Ahmed¹, Mama Drammeh¹, Samba Juma Jallow¹, Bakary Sonko¹, Patricia Ezedimbu-Michael¹, Jacinta Obiaduo¹, Ousman Secka¹, Joanna Kaim³, Björn Sjöstrand², Agneta Lissmats², Nils Carlin², Umberto D’Alessandro¹, Ann-Mari Svennerholm³ and Thomas F. Wierzba⁴
(¹ Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia; ² Scandinavian Biopharma, Solna, Sweden; ³ University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; ⁴ Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA)

14.00-14.20
‘MecVax, an epitope- and structure-based multivalent ETEC vaccine broadly protects against ETEC intestinal colonization and clinical diarrhea’
Hyesuk Seo^1,2, Qiangde Duan², Xiaosai Ruan², Ipshita Upadhyay^1,2, Siqi Li^1,2, David A Sack³ and Weiping Zhang^1,2
(¹ University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Pathobiology, Urbana, IL, USA; ² Kansas State University, Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Medicine, Manhattan, KS, USA; ³ Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of International Health, Baltimore, MD, USA)

14.20-14.40
‘Continued evaluation of the TD disease score for assessment of ETEC vaccine (ETVAX) impact on Traveler’s Diarrhea severity and incidence’
Nicole Maier¹, C.K. Porter², A.-M. Svennerholm³, B. Sjöstrand⁴, C N. Carlin⁴, A. Lissmats⁴, A. L. Bourgeois⁶, M. Riekkinen⁶, T.S. Jokiranta⁶ and A. Kantele⁶
(¹ PATH; Washington, DC USA; ² Naval Medical Research Center, Forest Glen Maryland, USA; ³ University of Gothenburg, Sweden; ⁴ Scandinavian Biopharma Holding AB, Stockholm, Sweden; ⁵ Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore Maryland, USA; ⁶ Medicum, University of Helsinki, Finland)

14.40-15.00
Tea Break & Posters

SESSION 4:
ETEC VACCINES (II)

Moderator: Edward T. Ryan
(Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA)

15:00-15.20
‘Role of adjuvants in mucosal and injected enteric subunit vaccines: Lessons from clinical and pre-clinical studies’
Elizabeth Norton
(Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA)

15.20-15.40
‘Serological responses associated with protection against oral H10407 ETEC challenge’
Silvia Jakubski^1,2, Bronwyn Gunn³, Chad K. Porter², Renee M. Laird^1,2,4 and Elizabeth B. Norton⁵
(¹ Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA; ² Naval Medical Research Command, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA; ³ Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA; ⁴ Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA; ⁵ Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisana, USA)

15.40-16.00
‘Pre-study of wild type Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) strain for verification of a planned challenge dose’
Kawsar R. Talaat¹, A. Louis Bourgeois¹, Subhra Chakraborty¹, Chad Porter², Courtney Swisher¹, Taoyang Wang¹, Brittany Feijoo¹, Kam Dhanjani¹, Sandra Isidean^2,3, Christian Herzog^4,5,6, Nina Knave⁶, Catarina Jansson⁶ and Bjorn Sjostrand⁶
(¹ Center for Immunization Research and Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; ² Translational and Clinical Research Department, Naval Medical Research Command, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA; ³ Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA; ⁴ Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland; ⁵ University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; ⁶ Scandinavian Biopharma, Solna, Sweden)

16.00-16.20
‘A new partially dried easy-to-prepare formulation of the oral ETVAX vaccine against ETEC diarrhea is immunogenic and safe: results from a noninferiority Phase II trial’
Nils Carlin¹, Joanna Kaim², Agneta Lissmats¹, Per Samuelson¹, Dan Curiac³ and Anna Lundgren²
(¹ Scandinavian Biopharma, Solna, Sweden; ² Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden; ³ Clinical Trial Center, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden)

16.20-16.40
‘T-cell mediated immune responses and the development of monoclonal antibodies from enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) infected diarrheal patients’
Marjahan Akhtar¹, Salima Raiyan Basher¹, Shakil Mahmud, Taufiqur Rahman Bhuiyan¹, James M. Fleckenstein², Anna Lundgren³ and Firdausi Qadri¹
(¹ icddr,b (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh), Dhaka, Bangladesh; ² Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University in Saint Louis, School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA; ³ Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden)

16.40-17.00
‘Clinical and environmental epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance of ETEC and the role of environmental factors’
Subhra Chakraborty¹, Fatema-Tuz Johura¹, Sam Dougan², Marzia Sultana³, Shirajum Monira³, Anne Bishop², Astrid von Mentzer⁴, David A. Sack¹, Richard Bradley Sack¹, Nicholas Thomson² and Munirul Alam³
(¹ Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA; ² Wellcome Sanger Institute, London, UK; ³ International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh; ⁴ University of Gothenburg, Sweden)

Wednesday 25th June 2025

SESSION 5:
ETEC VACCINES (III)

Moderator: Elizabeth Norton
(Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA)

08.15-08.35
‘Human infection with enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) elicits antibodies that neutralize mucin-degrading proteases of ETEC and Shigella’
David Buckley¹, Marjahan Akhtar², Mahima Thapa³, Aaron Schmitz³, Jackson Turner³, Tim J. Vickers², Nazia Khatoon², Hasan Kaisar², Jonathan A. Coggin², Alaullah Sheikh², Renee M. Laird⁴, Frédéric Poly⁴, Chad K. Porter⁵, Sabyasachi Baboo⁶, Tafiqur R. Bhuiyan⁷, Firdausi Qadri⁷, Ali Ellebedy^3,8,9, Zachary T. Berndsen¹ and James M. Fleckenstein^2,10
(¹ Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA; ² Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; ³ Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in Saint Louis, School of Medicine. Saint Louis, Missouri, USA; ⁴ Operationally Relevant Infections Department, Naval Medical Research Command (NMRC), Silver Spring, Maryland, USA; ⁵ Naval Medical Research Command (NMRC), Silver Spring, Maryland, USA; ⁶ Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; ⁷ International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Banglandesh (icddrb), Dhaka, Bangladesh; ¹⁰ Infectious Diseases, Medicine Service, Veterans Affairs Saint Louis Health Care System, Saint Louis Missouri, USA)

08.35-08.55
‘Targeted delivery of oral vaccine antigens to aminopeptidase N protects pigs against pathogenic E. coli challenge infection’
Hans van der Weken
(Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium)

08.55-09.15
‘Hidden diversity and species-wide evolution of ETEC colonisation factors in E. coli’
Astrid von Mentzer^1,2, Martin Boström3, John Lees⁴, Adrian Cazares², Erik Kristiansson³, Mathew A. Beale² and Nicholas R. Thomson^2,5
(¹ University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden; ² Parasites and Microbes Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK; ³ Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden; ⁴ EBI, Hinxton, UK; ⁵ Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK)

09.15-09.35
‘Survival and adaptative strategies of enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) to the freshwater environment’
Åsa Sjöling^1,2 and Enrique Joffré^1,2
(¹ Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; ² Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Biomedicum A8, Stockholm, Sweden)

09.35-09.55
‘Diarrhea burden in older adults in Cameroon, a case-control study using low-cost specimen preservation’
Amanda K. Debes, Audrey Safir, Etienne Guenou, Armand Kwetchop Dopgang, Ismael Kengmo Feudjio, Ketina Hirma Tchio Nighie, Emmanuel Tize, Tess Ayazika, Erin Baumgartner, Jamie Perin and Jerome Ateudjieu
(Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA)

09.55-10.15
‘Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) diarrhea in Dhaka, Bangladesh: Epidemiological and clinical findings from a randomized controlled trial’
Fahima Chowdhury, Md Taufiqul Islam, Faisal Ahmmed, Afroza Akter, Firdausi Qadri and John D. Clemens
(icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh)

10.15-10.35
Coffee Break & Posters

SESSION 6:
SHIGELLA VACCINES

Moderator: David Sack
(Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, USA)

10.35-10.55
‘The burden, consequences, and cost of Shigella diarrhea in young children and implications for Shigella vaccines: Findings from the seven-country Enterics for Global Health (EFGH)-Shigella Study’
Patricia Pavlinac, Jennifer Cornick, Nigel Cunliffe, Khuzwayo Jere, M. Jahangir Hossain, Eric Houpt, Margaret Kosek, Karen Kotloff, Richard Omore, Maribel Paredes_Olortegui, James Platts-Mills, Firdausi Qadri and Farah Qamar, Elizabeth Rogawski McQuade, Samba Sow and Sharon Tennant
(On behalf of the EFGH consortium)

10.55-11.15
‘Efficacy and immunogenicity of WRSs2, a live attenuated Shigella sonnei vaccine candidate, to protect against Shigellosis after challenge with a wild-type S. sonnei strain 53G’
R.W. Frenck Jr¹, N. Rouphael², S. Baqar³, M. Dickey, V. Smith², J. El-Khorazaty⁵, M. McNeil, C. Quigley, E. Scherer², J. Fraser⁵, T. Pham, C. Caldwell¹, S. Bechnak², S. Barnoy⁴, L. Chandrasekharan⁴, S. Heard⁵, E.A. Suvarnapunya⁴, L. Newman³, K. Cato³ and M.M. Venkatesan⁴
(¹ Cincinnati Children’s Hospital and University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH; ² Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; ³ Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville Maryland, USA; ⁴ Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA; ⁵ The Emmes Company, Rockville Maryland, USA)

11.15-11.35
‘The Shigella flexneri 2a synthetic carbohydrate-based conjugate, SF2a-TT15, is safe and immunogenic in the 9-month-old infant target population in Kenya’
Frederic Sawe¹, Lucy Koech¹, Beatrice Korir¹, Souhir Neffati², Renée Laird³, Elisabeth Odundo⁴, Mary Kirui⁴, Kristen Clarkson³, Cécile Artaud², Mohand Ait-Ahmed², Robert Kaminski³, Dani Cohen⁵, Laurence A. Mulard², Christiane Gerke² and Armelle Phalipon²
(¹ KEMRI/WRAIR-A/HJFMRI, Kericho, Kenya; ² Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; ³ WRAIR, Silver Springs, Maryland, USA; ⁴ KEMRI/WRAIR-A/MHK, Kericho, Kenya; ⁵ Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; * Affiliation at the starting time of the clinical trial)

11.35-11.50
‘Cross-protection of heterologous Shigella flexneri 2a and S. sonnei challenge in healthy adults in the United States’
Kawsar Talaat¹, Bridgett Finley¹, Chad Porter², Subhra Chakraborty¹, A. Louis Bourgeois¹, Sandra Isidean^2,3, Kate DeTizio^2,3, Arthi Rameshkumar¹, Courtney Swisher¹, Madison Billingsley¹, Brittany Feijoo¹, Jessica Brubaker¹, Akamol E. Suvarnapunya⁴, Nicole Maier⁵, Patricia Njuguna⁶ and Calman A. MacLennan⁷
(¹ Center for Immunization Research and Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; ² Translational and Clinical Research Department, Naval Medical Research Command, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA; ³ Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA; ⁴ Department of Diarrheal Disease Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA; ⁵ Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, Washington, DC, USA; ⁶ Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, Nairobi, Kenya; ⁷ Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA)

11.50-12.05
‘Immune responses and association with protection in heterologous Shigella flexneri 2a and S. sonnei challenge in healthy adults’
Subhra Chakraborty¹, Zachary Mazanek¹, Jade Lewis¹, Chad Porter², Bridgett Finley¹, A. Louis Bourgeois¹, Fatema Tuz-Johura¹, Sandra Isidean^2,3, Kate DeTizio^2,3, Arthi Rameshkumar¹, Courtney Swisher¹, Brittany Feijoo¹, Jessica Brubaker¹, Akamol E. Suvarnapunya⁴, Renee Laird⁴, Nicole Maier⁵, Patricia Njuguna⁶, Kawsar Talaat¹ and Calman MacLennan⁷
(¹ Center for Immunization Research and Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; ² Translational and Clinical Research Department, Naval Medical Research Command, Silver Spring, MD, USA; ³ Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA; ⁴ Department of Diarrheal Disease Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA; ⁵ Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access (CVIA), PATH, Washington, DC, USA; ⁶ Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, Nairobi, Kenya; ⁷ Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA)

12.05-12.20
‘Assessment of disease severity score trajectory in a controlled human infection model challenge with Shigella flexneri 2a and S. sonnei’
Madeleine Blunt¹, Lou Bourgeois¹, Katherine DeTizio^2,3, Sandra Isidean^2,3, Kawsar Talaat¹ and Chad Porter²
(¹ Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD USA; ² Translational and Clinical Research Department, Naval Medical Research Command, Silver Spring, MD, USA; ³ Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA)

12.20-12.35
‘Identifying optimal endpoint definitions using quantitative PCR to minimize outcome misclassification in upcoming Shigella vaccine trials’
Maria Garcia Quesada¹, Benjamin A. Lopman¹, Patricia B. Pavlinac², James A. Platts-Mills³, Lance A. Waller⁴ and Elizabeth T. Rogawski McQuade¹
(¹ Department of Epidemiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; ² Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; ³ Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA; ⁴ Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA)

12.35-13.35
Lunch Break & Posters

SESSION 6:
SHIGELLA VACCINES (continued)

13.35-13.55
‘OSP and ipaB-specific immune responses to Shigella flexneri 2a patients in Bangladesh’
Taufiqur Rahman Bhuiyan¹, Shakil Mahamud¹, Salima Raiyan Basher¹, Diganta Islam¹, Lutfun Nahar Lata¹, Mohammad Ashraful Amin¹, Nazmul Hasan Rajib¹, Jeshina Janardhanan², Chanchal Wagh², Charles C. Richelle^2,3, Peng Xu⁴, Pavol Kováč⁴, Subhra Chakraborty⁵, Fahima Chowdhury¹, Ashraful Islam Khan¹, Firdausi Qadri¹ and Edward T Ryan^2,3,6
(¹ International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh; ² Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; ³ Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; ⁴ NIDDK, LBC, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; ⁵ Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; ⁶ Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA)

13.55-14.15
‘Matching preclinical and clinical evidences and exploring cross-functionality for GMMA-based altSonflex1-2-3 vaccine against Shigella’
Francesca Mancini, Valentina Caradonna, Eleanna Sarakinou, Agnes Hunyady, Roberta Di Benedetto, Renzo Alfini, Marika Pinto, Federica Boretto, Salvatore Gemmellaro, Miren Iturriza, Francesco Berlanda Scorza, Simona Rondini, Carlo Giannelli, Valentino Conti, Ashwani Kumar Arora, Omar Rossi and Francesca Micoli
(GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), Siena, Italy)

SESSION 7:
CHOLERA VACCINES

Moderator: John Clemens
(International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea)

14.15-14.35
‘Phase 1 clinical trial of the OSP:rTTH cholera conjugate vaccine (CCV)’
Edward T. Ryan¹ and Julia Lynch²
(¹ Massachusetts General Hospital-Harvard University, Boston, MA USA; ² International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea)
Co-Authors:
(International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea)
Naveena Aloysia D’Cor, Tarun Saluja, Katerina Rok Song, Sunju Park, Bo Mi Kim, Jiyoung Lee, Deok Ryun Kim, Ji Won Lee, Yun Jung Chang, Eun Young Lee, Ji Soo Lee, Seongsu Kim, Jae Seung Yang, Dong-Gun Lee
(St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea)
Anhye Kim Cha
(Bundang Medical Center of CHA University, Seoul, South Korea)
Jong Tak Jung
(Soon Chun Hyang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea)
Yeong Ok Baik and Youngshin Park
(Eubiologics Co. Ltd, Seoul, South Korea)
Jeshina Janardhanan and Chanchal Wagh
(Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA)
Pavol Kovac and Peng Xu
(NIDDK, NIH, USA)
Willie Vann
(FDA, USA)
Firdausi Qadri
(International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b))

14.35-14.55
‘DuoChol: A thermostable, dry formulation whole-cell/B-subunit enteric capsule oral cholera vaccine’
Manuela Terrinoni¹, Michael Lebens¹, Stefan Nordqvist¹, Madeleine Löfstrand¹, Frida Nilsson¹, Ruchir K. Pansuriya², Julia Lynch² and Jan Holmgren^1,3
(¹ University of Gothenburg, Department of Microbiology and Immunology Sweden; ² International Vaccine Institute (IVI), Seoul, South Korea; ³ Gotovax AB, Sweden)

14.55-15.10
‘From bench to clinic: GMP production and preclinical toxicity of DuoChol, a third-generation improved capsule OCV’
R.K. Pansuriya¹, M. Terrinoni², M. Lebens², I. Permatasari¹, F. Ressdorfer¹, A. Svahn³, E. Lindmark⁴, S. Alvér⁴, J. Holmgren² and J. Lynch¹
(¹ International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea; 2 University of Gothenburg/Gotovax, Sweden; ³ NorthX, Matfors/Solna, Sweden; ⁴ RISE, Sodertalje, Sweden)

15.10-15.30
‘Assessing programmatic needs: Stakeholder Workshop findings on oral cholera vaccine capsules (DuoChol)’
Dijana Spasenoska¹, Anna-Lea Kahn¹, Malika Bouhenia¹, Bo-Sung Kim², Indriana Permatasari², Naveena Aloysia D’Cor², Jungseok Lee², Se Eun Park² and Julia Lynch²
(¹ World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; ² International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Korea)

15.30-15.55
Tea Break & Posters

SESSION 7:
CHOLERA VACCINES (Continued)

15.55-16.15
‘Safety and immunogenicity of PanChol: A single-dose live attenuated oral cholera vaccine candidate’
Deborah R. Leitner^1,2, Hannah Levine^1,3, Masataka Suzuki^1,2, Akina Osaki^1,2, Emily Sullivan^1,2, George I. Balazs^1,2, Damien Slater^4,5, Jason Harris^4,5, Alisse Hannaford^1,3, Stephen R. Walsh^1,3, Amy C. Sherman^1,3, Lindsey R. Baden^1,3, Matthew K. Waldor^1,2 and BWH clinical investigation team¹
(¹ Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; ² Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; ³ Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; ⁴ Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; ⁵ Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA)

16.15-16.35
‘Impact of cholera vaccination plus enhanced surveillance in Uganda’
David A. Sack¹, Godfrey Bwire², Francis Ongole³, Amanda K. Debes² and Christopher Garimoi Orach⁴
(¹ Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; ² Department of Community Health, Ministry of Health Uganda, Kampala, Uganda; ³ Department of National Health Laboratory and Diagnostic Services, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; ⁴ College of Health Sciences, Makerere University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda)

16.35-16.55
‘Vibriocidal titers following killed oral cholera vaccination given 4 years after initial receipt of OCV in Cameroon’
David A. Sack¹, Jerome Ateudjieu^2,3,4, Carrel Fokou², Ketina Hirma Tchio-Nighie^2,4, Collins Buh Nkum², Etienne Guenou^2,5, Landry Beyala², Sabine Nanfack², Winny Dora Ateudjieu-Kenfack^6,7, Cavin Bekolo³, Anne-Cecile Zoung-Kanyi Bissek^4,8 and Amanda K. Debes¹
(¹ Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; ² M.A. SANTE, Cameroon; ³ Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Dschang, Cameroon; ⁴ Division of Health Operations Research, Cameroon Ministry of Public Health, ⁵ National Laboratory of Public Health, Cameroon Ministry of Public Health; ⁶ Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaounde, Cameroon; ⁷ Centre for Research on Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases CREMER, Cameroon; ⁸ Department of internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Dschang)

Thursday 26th June 2025

SESSION 8:
COMBINATION VACCINES I

Moderator: Robert Choy
(PATH, Washington DC, USA)

08.15-08.40
‘The combination paradigm and the future of new enteric vaccines’
Christopher Gill and Duncan Steele
(Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA)

08.40-09.00
‘Phase 1 study of an oral prototype combined Shigella-ETEC vaccine’
Wilbur H. Chen, Eileen M. Barry, Marcela F. Pasetti, Frank R. Toapanta, Marcelo B. Sztein, Sharon M. Tennant, Jasnehta Permala-Booth, Yuanyuan Liang, Constance Thomas and Myron M. Levine
(University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA)

9.00-09.20
‘S. sonnei live attenuated vaccine strain CVD 1233-SP expressing ETEC antigens CS2 and CS3’
Eileen M. Barry, Tao Wu, Giulia Pilla, Christen Grassel, Brock Brethour, Chris Tang and Myron M. Levine
(University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA)

09.20-09.40
‘Identifying the optimal schedule for a multi-pathogen combination vaccine for diarrheal disease’
Shane A. Conyers, Ritesh Sivakumar, Aniruddha Deshpande, Avnika Amin, Elizabeth Rogawski McQuade and Ben Lopman
(Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA)

09.40-10.00
‘ShecVax: A combined vaccine against Shigella and ETEC’
Siqi Li^1,2, Ipshita Upadhyay^1,2, Hyesuk Seo^1,2, Aashwina Madhwal¹, Sai Simha Reddy Vakamalla¹, Chongyang Zhang¹, David A Sack³ and Weiping Zhang^1,2
(¹ University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Pathobiology, Urbana, IL, USA; ² Kansas State University, Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Medicine, Manhattan, KS, USA; ³ Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of International Health, Baltimore, MD, USA)

10.00-10.25
Coffee Break & Posters

SESSION 9:
COMBINATION VACCINES II

Moderator: Robert Choy
(PATH, Washington DC, USA)

10.25-10.45
‘Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the efficacy and safety of CampETEC Hyperimmune Bovine Colostrum (HBC) for the prevention of Campylobacter-mediated diarrheal disease’
Kawsar R. Talaat¹, Chad K. Porter², Rediet Tekalign¹, Barbara DeNearing¹, Subhra Chakraborty¹, A. Louis Bourgeois¹, Courtney Swisher¹, Brittany L. Feijoo¹, Kamal Dhanjani¹, Jade Lewis¹, Fatema-Tuz Johura¹, Sandra D. Isidean^2,3, Kayla Testa^2,3, Christina L. Gariepy^3,4, Dilara Islam^3,4, Vicky Chapman^3,4, Renee M. Laird^3,4,5, Joanne L. Casey⁶, Jerry Kanellos⁶, David A. Sack¹ and Frédéric Poly⁴
(¹ Center for Immunization Research and Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland,USA; ² Translational and Clinical Research Department, Naval Medical Research Command, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA; ³ Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA; ⁴ Operationally Relevant Infections Department, Naval Medical Research Command, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA; ⁵ Diarrheal Disease Research Department, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA; ⁶ Immuron Limited, Blackburn North, Victoria, Australia)

10.45-11.00
‘Immunogenicity of coadministered oral live Salmonella Typhi Ty21a vaccine and inactivated whole-cell cholera vaccine combined with cholera toxin B subunit: a prospective randomized open-label trial’
Marianna Riekkinen^1,2,3, Manuela Terrinoni⁴, Sari H. Pakkanen^1,3, Joanna Kaim⁴, Tero Vahlberg⁵ and Anna Lundgren⁴ and Anu Kantele^1,2,3
(¹ Meilahti Vaccine Research Center, MeVac, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; ² Department of Infectious Diseases, Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; ³ Human Microbiome, Research Unit, University of Helsinki, Finland; ⁴ Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Gothenburg, Swede; ⁵ Department of Biostatistics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland)

11.00-11.15
‘Potential for a combined oral inactivated whole cell vaccine against ETEC and Shigella: Preclinical studies supporting feasibility’
Manuela Terrinoni¹, Jan Holmgren¹, Madeleine Löfstrand¹, K. Ross Turbyfill³, Edwin Oaks³, Lillian Van De Verg², Nicole Maier², A. Louis Bourgeois² and Richard Walker²
(¹ Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; ² Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, Washington, DC, USA; ³ Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA)

SESSION 10:
SALMONELLA VACCINES

Moderator: Julia Lynch
(International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Korea)

11.15-11.35
‘Durability and patterns of immune response induced by a single dose of Typhoid conjugate vaccine in Bangladeshi children: Six-year follow-up of a cluster-Randomized trial’
Farhana Khanam1, Nazmul Hasan Rajib¹, Prasanta Kumar Biswas¹, Ismail Hossen¹, Amirul Islam Bhuiyan¹, Sadia Islam¹, Yama F. Mujadidi^2,3, Sarah Kelly^2,3, Andrew J. Pollard^2,3, Xinxue Liu^2,3, John D. Clemens^1,4,5,6 and Firdausi Qadri¹
(¹ International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; ² Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; ³ NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK; ⁴ International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea; ⁵ UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, USA)

11.35-11.55
‘Interim immunogenicity and safety data from a phase 1/2a, randomized, controlled, observer-blind trial to evaluate the safety, reactogenicity and immunogenicity of a trivalent vaccine against invasive nontyphoidal Salmonellosis (iNTS) and Typhoid Fever in healthy European and African adults’
Yasir Shitu Isa¹, Kanchanamala Withanage², Priyanka D. Patel³, Beatrice Grossi¹, Chiara Fineschi¹, Antonio Lorenzo Di Pasquale¹, Eray Salt⁴, Giulia Luna Cilio⁴, Alimamy Serry-Bangura⁴, Omar Rossi¹, Chitsanzo P. Kwawilira³, Francesca Mancini¹, Marta Benincasa¹, Daniele De Simone¹, Chiara Crispino¹, Rita La Gaetana¹, Ilse De Coster², Valentino Conti¹, Rocio Canals¹, Ashwani Kumar Arora¹ and Melita A. Gordon^3,5,6
(¹ GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health, Siena, Italy; ² University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; ³ Malawi Liverpool Programme, Blantyre, Malawi; ⁴ GSK Vaccines Srl, Siena, Italy; ⁵ Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; ⁶ Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, UK)

11.55-12.15
‘Safety and immunogenicity of Vi-CRM197+O:2-CRM197, a bivalent vaccine against Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi A: final results from a phase 1, randomized, controlled clinical trial in healthy European adults’
Ilse De Coster¹, Mohammad AbdelGhany², Eleanna Sarakinou², Chiara Fineschi², Elisa Marchetti², Rita La Gaetana², Simona Nigro², Martina Carducci², Luisa Massai², Valentino Conti², Omar Rossi², Giulia Luna Cilio³, Alimamy Serry-Bangura³, Pietro Tessitore³, Pierre Van Damme¹, Kanchanamala Withanage¹, Francesca Micoli², Francesco Berlanda Scorza², Simona Rondini² and Ashwani Kumar Arora²
(¹ Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, University of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium; ² GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), Siena, Italy; ³ GSK, Siena, Italy)

12.15-12.45
Combined presentation:
‘Phase 1 studies of a trivalent Salmonella conjugate vaccine (TSCV) to address Typhoid and invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) disease in Africa’
‘Phase 2 trial in sub-Saharan Africa to assess the safety and immunogenicity of a trivalent Salmonella (S. Enteritidis/S. Typhimurium/S. Typhi Vi) conjugate vaccine (TSCV)’
Wilber Chen
(University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA)

12.45-13.00
‘A rapid diagnostic test to be used for diagnosis of invasive non-typhoidal salmonellosis’
Gianluca Breghi
(Sclavo Vaccines Association ETS/ Fondazione Achille Sclavo ETS, Siena, Italy)

13.00-13.50
Lunch Break & Posters Breakdown

SESSION 11:
LATEBREAKERS SESSION

Moderators: Anu Kantele
(Helsinki University, Finland)

13.50-14.10
‘Novel adjuvants for inactivated oral vaccines’
Ed Lavelle
(Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland)

14.10-14.30
‘Mucosal vaccination of inactivated Clostridioides difficile toxins and novel surface antigens clears colonization and promotes host survival’
Audrey K. Thomas^1,2, Alyssa G. Ehni^1,2, F. Christopher Peritore-Galve², Eric J. Brady³, Sandy Yoder³, Rebecca Shrem⁴, Benjamin W. Spiller⁴, C. Buddy Creech³ and D. Borden Lacy²
(On behalf of the Vanderbilt Antibody and Antigen Discovery for C. difficile Vaccines (VANDy-CdV) Study Team)
(¹ Microbe-Host Interactions PhD Program, Vanderbilt University; ² Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; ³ Vanderbilt Vaccine Research Program, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; ⁴ Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennesee, USA)

14.30-14.50
‘Evaluation of the role of Alhydrogel in the responses induced by Shigella and Salmonella vaccines in animals’
Roberta di Benedetto
(GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health, Siena, Italy)

14.50-15.10
‘Nanoemulsion-formulated ETEC vaccine induces systemic immunogenicity and recall to gut antigen challenge in neonatal piglets’
Gitte Erbs, Gabriel K. Pedersen, Frank Folmann and Gregers Jungersen
(Section for Gastrointestinal Vaccine Research, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Center for Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark)

15.10-15.25
‘Intradermal delivery of fractional dose (1/5th) Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV) in combination with dmLT reduces vaccine shedding’
Jessica W. Crothers^1,2, Dorothy Dickson², Mary Claire Walsh^2,3, Bernardo A. Mainou⁴, Hang Xie⁴, Jessica A. White⁵ and Beth D. Kirkpatrick^2,3
(¹ Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA; ² Vaccine Testing Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA; ³ Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA; ⁴ Polio and Picornavirus Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; ⁵ Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH – Seattle, Washington, USA)

SESSION 12:
CLOSING SESSION/HIGHLIGHTS

15.25-15.45
‘From Research to Roll-Out: WHO’s Approach to Enteric Vaccine Advancement’
Annelies Wilder-Smith
(World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland)

15.45-15.55
VED 2025 Closing Remarks
Lou Bourgeois
(Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA)

Conference Close & Tea Break & Departure

Poster 101
‘Mucosal vaccination of inactivated Clostridioides difficile toxins and novel surface antigens clears colonization and promotes host survival’
Audrey K. Thomas^1,2, Alyssa G. Ehni^1,2, F. Christopher Peritore-Galve², Eric J. Brady³, Sandy Yoder³, Rebecca Shrem⁴, Benjamin W. Spiller⁴, C. Buddy Creech³, and D. Borden Lacy²
(On behalf of the Vanderbilt Antibody and Antigen Discovery for C. difficile Vaccines (VANDy-CdV) Study Team)
(¹ Microbe-Host Interactions PhD Program, Vanderbilt University; ² Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; ³ Vanderbilt Vaccine Research Program, 3Vanderbilt University Medical Center; ⁴ Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennesee, USA)

Poster 102
‘Vibrio cholerae-specific serological profiling among children, adolescents and adults after oral cholera vaccination’
Sera Oh¹, Gippeum Lim¹, Ju Yeon Park¹, Deok Ryun Kim¹, Katerina Rok Song¹, Manki Song¹, Edward T. Ryan², Richelle C. Charles², Julia A Lynch¹, Jae Seung Yang¹
(¹ International Vaccine Institute, Republic of Korea; ² Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, USA)

Poster 103
‘Shigella truncated mutant as a platform for vaccines against multi-pathogen enteric infections’
Jae-Ouk Kim¹, Harald Nothaft², Younghye Moon¹, Seonghun Jeong¹, Anthony R. Vortherms³, Manki Song¹, Akamol E. Suvarnapunya³, Christine M. Szymanski^2,4, Jessica White⁵, Richard Walker⁶, A. Louis Bourgeois^7,1
(¹ Science Unit, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea; ² VaxAlta Inc. and University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; ³ Walter Reed Army Institute for Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA; ⁴ Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA; ⁵ PATH, Seattle, WA, USA; ⁶ PATH, Washington, DC, USA; ⁷ Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore MD, USA)

Poster 104
‘Functional characterization of capsule expression and epithelial cell invasion among Shigella serotypes and implications for vaccine development’
Brock W. Brethour, Megan D. Broussard, Tao Wu, Eileen M. Barry
(University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA)

Poster 105
‘Estimating the impact of Shigella vaccines on growth outcomes and implications for clinical trial design’
Allison Codi, Elizabeth Rogawski-McQuade and David Benkeser
(Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA)

Poster 106
‘Safety, immunogenicity, and global public health potential of a novel vi-crm197 typhoid conjugate vaccine, eutyph-c®: results from clinical trials’
Howard Her¹, Chankyu Lee¹, Soo Kyung Kim¹, YoungJin Choi¹, Youngran Park¹, Patricia Njuguna² and Yeong Ok Baik¹
(¹ R&D Division, EuBiologics Co., Ltd, Seoul, Republic of Korea; ² Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, Nairobi, Kenya)

Poster 107
‘Continued evaluation of the TD disease score for assessment of ETEC vaccine (ETVAX) impact on Traveller’s Diarrhea severity and incidence’
N. Maier¹, A. Kantele², A.-M. Svennerholm³, B. Sjöstrand⁴, C N. Carlin⁴, A. Lissmats⁴, A.L. Bourgeois⁵, T.S.Jokiranta⁶ and C.K. Porter⁷
(¹ PATH; Washington, DC USA; ² University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; ³ University of Gothenburg, Sweden; ⁴ Scandinavian Biopharma Holding AB, Stockholm, Sweden; ⁵ Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore Maryland, USA; ⁶ Medicum, University of Helsinki, Finland; ⁷ Naval Medical Research Center, Forest Glen Maryland, USA)

Poster 108
‘DmLT: A novel potent adjuvant in development by PATH’
Marcus Estrada
(PATH, Seattle, Washington, USA)